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From Guido Palazzo on LinkedIn: "In 1931, all Italian University professors were required to swear an oath of loyalty to Mussolini’s fascist regime. Out of approximately 1,200 professors, only twelve refused to take that oath."
Ernesto Buonaiuti
Mario Carrara
Vito Volterra
Lionello Venturi
Giorgio Levi della Vida
Gaetano De Sanctis
Piero Martinetti
Bartolo Nigrisoli
Francesco Ruffini
Giorgio Errera
Fabio Luzzatto
Edoardo Ruffini Avondo
www.linkedin.comIn 1931, all Italian University professors were required to swear an oath… | Guido Palazzo | 127 commentsIn 1931, all Italian University professors were required to swear an oath of loyalty to Mussolini’s f*ascist regime. Out of approximately 1,200 professors, only twelve refused to take that oath and consequently lost their positions.
Now that the US government has started to destroy academic freedom – in the total silence and obedience of the universities themselves – I would like to honor the courage and integrity of these twelve professors. Their refusal came at great personal and professional cost.
Ernesto Buonaiuti, a Catholic priest and professor of Church History at the University of Rome, was excommunicated by the Church and banned from teaching or publishing under the regime. Isolated and impoverished, he lived under constant repression until his death in 1946.
Mario Carrara, a professor of forensic medicine at the University of Turin was forced into early retirement. He died under house arrest in 1937.
Vito Volterra, one of Italy’s most prominent mathematicians and physicists, lost his academic position at the University of Rome.
Lionello Venturi, an art historian at the University in Rome went into exile after his refusal.
Giorgio Levi della Vida, a semitic languages scholar and a Jew, lost his post at the University of Rome.
Gaetano De Sanctis, a professor of ancient history in Rome, was removed from office and went into exile.
Piero Martinetti, a philosopher at the University of Milan retired after his refusal. He lived his final years in isolation.
Bartolo Nigrisoli lost his position as a professor in medicine in Bologna.
Francesco Ruffini, a scholar of ecclesiastical law in Turin gave up his professorship to avoid the oath. As a collateral damage, his son Ernesto, who was not yet a professor but starting his academic career, was dismissed as well.
Giorgio Errera, a chemist at the University of Pavia lost his chair.
Fabio Luzzatto, a professor of civil law was dismissed from the University of Macerata.
Edoardo Ruffini Avondo, a professor of history lost his job and his pension at the University of Perugia.
I wish we will show a fragment of the courage of these colleagues when the time comes for us to speak up.
In Ancient Egypt, people believed that a person's soul was kept alive as long as their name was spoken. I speak the names of my twelve colleagues.
(on the photo, one of them is missing) | 127 comments on LinkedIn
@lightweight@mastodon.nzoss.nz@gvwilson this has provided more info on these brave individuals for those preferring to avoid LinkedIn: https://blognostrumuva.wordpress.com/2024/09/06/academic-freedom-and-fascism-a-new-book-on-the-italian-professors-who-said-no-in-1931/
Blog Nostrum · Academic freedom and fascism: A new book on the Italian professors who said NO in 1931Inclusive searches & sources @UvA Romance languages (32) Earlier addressed in the Library333 series Inclusive searches & sources @FMG Library – with posts on the Academic Freedom Inde…